syllabus csbio

SUBJECT CONTENT:
TOPIC/CONTENT	LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Cell Structure & Organization ü plant cells ü animal cells ü specialised cells	Examine under the microscope an animal cell (eg. From fresh liver) and a plant cell (Elodea, a moss, onion epidermis, or any suitable locally available material) Identify and describe the structures seen - cell wall, cell membrane, sap vacuole, cytoplasm, nucleus and chloroplasts in a plant cell. Compare the visible differences in structure of the animal and the plant cells examined State the function of the cell membrane in controlling the passage of substances into and out of the cell. State in simple terms, the relationship between cell function and cell structure for the following: absorption - root hair cells; transport of oxygen - red blood cells Identify these cells from diagrams and photomicrographs
2. Diffusion & Osmosis ü diffusion ü osmosis	Define diffusion as the movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration, down a concentration gradient Define osmosis as the passage of water molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration, through a partially permeable membrane Describe the importance of osmosis in the uptake of water by plants. Describe the effects of osmosis on animal tissue
3. Enzymes ü enzyme action ü effects of temperature ü effects of pH	Define enzymes as proteins which function as biological catalysts Investigate and describe the effect of temperature and of pH on enzyme activity. State the effect of enzymes on the germination of seeds
4. Plant Nutrition ü photosynthe-sis ü leaf structure ü mineral nutrition	Understand that photosynthesis the fundamental process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials Define photosynthesis and state the equation for photosynthesis [in words & symbols] State the effect of varying light intensity and temperature on the rate of photosynthesis (e.g. in submerged aquatic plants, such as Elodea) Describe the intake of carbon dioxide and water by plants, the trapping of light energy by chlorophyll, the conversion of light energy into chemical energy, the formation of carbohydrates and their subsequent storage and the release of oxygen Explain why most forms of life are completely dependent on photosynthesis Identify and label the cellular and tissue structure of a dicotyledonous leaf, as seen in cross section under the microscope Investigate and state the effect of insufficient nitrogen on plant growth and state the importance of nitrogen-containing ions for protein synthesis and their use in nitrogen-containing fertilizers for agriculture
5. Transport in Flowering Plants ü water and ion uptake ü transpiration	Describe the structure and function of root hairs in relation to their surface area, and to water and ion uptake Define transpiration as the loss of water vapour from the leaves thru the stomata Describe how wilting occurs State the functions of xylem and phloem
6. Animal Nutrition ü nutrients ü diet ü human alimentary canal ü stages of animal nutrition ü mechanical & physical digestion ü chemical digestion - amylase - protease - lipase	Define a balanced diet as a diet supplying sufficient quantities of protein, carbohydrates, fat, vitamins, minerals, fibre, water and energy to sustain a healthy life Explain why diet, especially energy intake, should be related to age, sex and activity of an individual State the effects of malnutrition in relation to constipation and obesity Identify, on diagrams and photographs, and name the main regions of the alimentary canal and the associated organs: mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, gall bladder, liver, ileum, colon, rectum and anus Describe the main functions of these parts in relation to ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion of food as appropriate Describe the function of teeth in reducing the size of food particles State the causes of dental decay and describe the proper care of teeth Describe chewing and peristalsis Describe the function of a typical amylase, listing the substrate and end-products as an example of extracellular digestion in the alimentary canal Describe absorption as the passage of the soluble products of digestion through the wall of the small intestine and into the blood capillaries [structure of villi is not required] State the function of the hepatic portal vein as the route taken by most of the food absorbed from the small intestine State: - the role of the liver in the metabolism of glucose and amino acids; - the role of fat as a storage substance; State that the formation of urea and the breakdown of alcohol occur in the liver
7. Transport in Humans ü circulatory system ü heart ü blood vessels ü blood ü double circulation	Describe the circulatory system as a system of tubes with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood Describe the structure and function of the heart in terms of muscular contraction and the working of valves Compare the structure and function of arteries, veins and capillaries Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the blockage of coronary arteries and list the possible causes (diet, stress, smoking) Identify red and white blood cells as seen under the microscope on prepared slides, and in diagrams and photomicrographs List the components of blood as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma State the functions of blood: - red blood cells - haemoglobin and oxygen transport; - white blood cells - phagocytosis, antibody formation and tissue rejection; - platelets - fibrinogen to fibrin causing clotting; - plasma - transport of blood cells, ions, soluble food substances, hormones, carbon dioxide, urea, vitamins, plasma proteins
8. Respiration ü aerobic respiration ü anaerobic respiration ü human gaseous exchange	Define respiration as the release of energy from food substances in all living cells Define aerobic respiration as the release of a relatively large amount of energy by the breakdown of food substances in the presence of oxygen State the equation for aerobic respiration [in words only] Define anaerobic respiration as the release of a relatively small amt. of energy by the breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen State the equation for anaerobic respiration [in words only] Describe the production of lactic acid in muscles during exercise State the differences between inspired and expired air Investigate and state the effect of physical activity on rate and depth of breathing Describe the role of the exchange surface of the alveoli in gaseous exchange [details of the role of the diaphragm, ribs and intercostal muscles in breathing are not required]
9. Excretion ü excretory organs ü structure and function of the kidneys ü kidney dialysis	Define excretion as the removal of toxic materials and the waste products of metabolism from organisms Describe the removal of carbon dioxide from the lungs Describe the removal of water and urea through the kidneys [details of kidney structure and nephron are not required]
10. Coordination & Response ü receptors ü reflex action ü hormones	State the principal functions of component parts of the eye in producing a focused image of near and distant objects on the retina. Describe the pupil reflex in response to dim and bright light. Define a hormone as a chemical substance, produced by a gland, carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs and is then destroyed by the liver.
11. The Use & Abuse of Drugs ü effects of heroin ü effects of alcohol	Define a drug as any externally administered substance which modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body Describe a drug such as heroin as a drug of abuse and its related effects such as a powerful depressant, problems of addiction, severe withdrawal symptoms, associated problems such as crime and infection e.g. AIDS/HIV Describe the effects of excessive consumption of alcohol: reduced self-control, depressant, problems of addiction, severe withdrawal symptoms, associated problems such as crime and infection [e.g. HIV/AIDS]
12. Relationships of Organisms with One Another & with the Environment ü energy flow ü food chains and food webs ü carbon cycle ü effects of man on the ecosystem ü pollution	State that the Sun is the principal source of energy input to biological systems. Describe the non-cyclical nature of energy flow Define the following terms: producer; consumer; herbivore; carnivore; decomposer; food chain; food chain; food web Describe energy losses between trophic levels and infer the advantages of short food chains Describe the carbon cycle in terms of photosynthesis, animal nutrition, respiration and combustion Describe the effects of Man on the ecosystem with emphasis on examples of international importance (tropical rain forests, oceans, important rivers) Describe the problems which contribute to famine [unequal distribution of food, drought and flooding and increasing population] Evaluate the undesirable effects of air pollution on gaseous exchange surfaces
16. Development of Organisms & Continuity of Life ü asexual reproduction ü sexual reproduction in plants ü sexual reproduction in humans ü sexually transmitted diseases	Define asexual reproduction as the process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent Define sexual reproduction as the process involving the fusion of nuclei to form a zygote and the production of genetically dissimilar offspring Identify the sepals, petals, stamens and carpels of one, locally available, named dicotyledonous flower State the functions of the sepals, petals, anthers and carpels Investigate and describe the structure of a non-endospermic seed in terms of the embryo (radicle, plumule, and cotyledons) and testa, protected by the pericarp (fruit wall) State that the seed and fruit dispersal by wind and by animals provides a means of colonising new areas Investigate and state the environmental conditions which affect germination of seeds: suitable temperature, water and oxygen Identify on diagrams of the male reproductive system and give the functions of: sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra, penis, testes and scrotum Identify the female reproductive system and give the functions of: ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina Describe the menstrual cycle with reference to the alternation of menstruation and ovulation, the natural variation in its length, and the fertile and infertile phases of the cycle State the effect of factors, such as diet and emotional state, on the menstrual cycle Describe fertilisation and early development of the zygote simply in terms of the formation of a ball of cells which becomes implanted in the wall of the uterus, where it develops as the fetus Describe the advantages of breast milk compared with bottle feeding Describe the following methods of birth-control: natural, chemical (spermicides), mechanical, hormonal and surgical Describe the symptoms, signs, effects and treatment of syphilis and gonorrhoea Discuss the spread of the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) and methods by which it may be controlled

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